Our brains are the most complex organ in our bodies, a mass of gray and white matter that is at the centre of everything we do. Addiction is a complex condition which affects the brain by influencing behaviour, decision-making, and overall mental health. But there is a little bit more to it than that. Whether you’re personally facing addiction or supporting a loved one through it, understanding how addiction impacts the brain and the transformative changes that can occur during recovering can provide hope and clarity.
First thing, how does the brain work?
Our brains are a bit like a super powerful computer. It uses billions of neurons to transmit information through circuits and networks. Each neuron acts as a switch, firing signals when it receives enough input from connected neurons. Different brain circuits work together to control specific functions, constantly exchanging signals with the spinal cord and peripheral nervous system. This communication occurs through neurotransmitters, which cross synapses to bind with receptors on receiving neurons that triggers a response. Transporter molecules then recycle neurotransmitters to help regulate and refine these signals.
How substance use and addiction can impact the brain
Many substances can interfere with the way that neurons in the brain send, receive, and process signals. While some drugs may activate neurons due to a similar chemical structure that mimics a natural neurotransmitter, others may cause the neurons to release large quantities of natural neurotransmitters. They may even prevent the normal recycling of these brain chemicals by disrupting the transporters
Substances can also alter important areas of the brain that are necessary for life-sustaining functions. Areas of the brain which may be affected by substance use include:
Basal Ganglia: Regulates motivation, pleasure, and habit formation as part of the brain’s reward circuit. Healthy activities such as eating and socialising naturally activate this system. Some substances can over-activate the circuit causing a surge of dopamine – a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure and reward. With prolonged use the circuit can adapt where it can diminish the sensitivity of the circuit making it challenging to feel pleasure without the use of the substance.
Extended Amygdala: Regulates stress-related feelings like anxiety and irritability, and unease.This circuit may become increasingly sensitive with increased substance use, and over time a person may use again to get temporary relief from this discomfort, rather than to get high.
Prefrontal Cortex: Powers the ability to plan, think, problem solve, make decisions, and exercise self-control. This is the last part of the brain that matures, making teens most vulnerable to the effects of substances here. An imbalance between this system and the brain’s reward and stress circuits weakens impulse control, which can be a driving factor for compulsive drug use
The brain’s remarkable ability to heal during recovery
Our brain’s possess an incredible capacity to heal and adapt, this is referred to as neuroplasticity. The brain can recognise itself, and form new neural connections that support healthier behaviours and coping strategies. This healing requires time, patience, and consistent effort.
The length of time for the brain to heal itself depends on the substances involved and the damage which has occurred. Some brain damage resulting from substance use is irreversible.
Restoration of dopamine function: Substance use floods the brain’s reward system with dopamine, but during recovery the gradual normalisation of dopamine function is able to return. With sustained abstinence, the brain begins to regulate dopamine production naturally. This helps reduce cravings, improve mood, and restores the ability to find pleasure in activities such as socialising, exercise, and hobbies.
Strengthening of prefrontal cortex: Where addiction weakens this region, making it difficult to resist impulses and make rational choices, abstinence during recovery means that it is able to regain its natural functionality. Making healthier choices, managing stress, and resisting triggers gets easier as this healing occurs. Engaging in mindfulness practices, therapy, and structured routines can further support this process, strengthening cognitive control and resilience.
Formation of new neural pathways: Neuroplasticity plays a crucial role in long-term recovery. As healthier behaviours and coping strategies are adopted, the brain forms new neural connections. This reinforces positive habits and thought patterns. Activities such as exercise, meditation, creative expression, and social engagement help create and strengthen these new pathways. These changes help make it easier to maintain sobriety, experience emotional balance, and develop a renewed sense of purpose and fulfilment.
While recovery can be challenging, understanding the brain’s ability to heal can offer hope. With time, patience, and the right support, the brain can rebuild its natural balance.
Change is possible. If you or someone you love is struggling with substance use disorder, help is available. You can soon be on your way to reclaim mental clarity, and lead a fulfilling, addiction-free life.
Please call us if you would like to find out more about our addiction treatment services